Dutch Grammar

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More pronouns

In Lesson One we learned about personal pronouns, we can remember the following list:

Ik	I
Jij	You
U	You (formal)
Hij	He
Zij	She
Wij	We
Jullie	You (plural)
Zij	They

Note that all of these pronouns appear in the subject position of the sentence:

Ik zie de man

I see the man

We all know that personal pronouns have a different form when they are in the object position of the sentence. The object is the part of the sentence that is undergoing the action of the verb while the subject is the one initiating the action of the verb. If we would simply move a personal pronoun from subject position to object position, then we would get a wrong sentence, as the following example illustrates:

*I see he

Because “he” appears in object position in this case, we have to change it’s form to “him“. Likewise “we” changes to “us“, etc.. The same principle applies to Dutch. We can construct the following table for Dutch object pronouns:

Mij	Me
Jou	You
U	You (formal)
Hem	Him
Haar	Her
Ons	Us
Jullie	You (plural)
Hen	Them

So the example sentence would translate as follows:

I see him

Ik zie hem

So you get the idea: in object positions you have to use the object pronoun because otherwise you will get an ill-formed sentence, just like in English.

We can distinguish another grammaticality. Pronouns can appear in, the so-called indirect object. An indirect object is the receiver of the action. Consider the following:

I give the man a present

Ik geef de man een kado

You will note that de man is obviously the receiver in this example, and therefore it is the indirect object. Like there are direct object pronouns, which we’ve just seen, there are also indirect object pronouns. Fortunately, there happens to be no difference between the two in Dutch, so we see the same table for indirect object pronouns:

Mij	Me
Jou	You
U	You (formal)
Hem	Him
Haar	Her
Ons	Us
Jullie	You (plural)
Hen	Them

And thus we can replace “de man” with an indirect object pronoun, obtaining the following result:

I give him a present

Ik geef hem een kado

We can even construct double pronouns now:

I give the man a woman	Ik geef de man een vrouw
I give him a woman	Ik geef hem een vrouw
I give him her	Ik geef hem haar

Like in English, the indirect object pronoun comes first in this case and is followed by the direct object pronoun.

We have cleverly omitted the neutral pronoun in our discussion, but we will need to bring it into the picture as well because it is often used. The neutral pronoun in Dutch, the equivalent of the English pronoun “it” is “het“. This pronoun has the same form in subject, object and indirect object position, just like English. A small exception in word order occurs however when we deal with double pronouns:

I give the man a present	Ik geef de man een kado
I give him a present	Ik geef hem een kado
I give him it	Ik geef het hem

You see that in the last Dutch example, the two pronouns have swapped position, unlike in English. In English this can be done to: “I give it to him“, but that introduces an extra preposition “to“. And in Dutch the words HAVE TO are swapped, because otherwise the sentence would be incorrect.

Colloquial Use

You have to be aware of the fact that the forms we have discussed so far are often replaced with simpler versions where the ij or ou sound is replaced by a neutral e. The following forms are all equivalent:

Official	Alternative
Jij	Je
Zij	Ze
Mij	Me
Jou	Je
Wij	We

You might expect “hij” to change into “*he“, but that never happens and it would produce an incorrect sentence. Below are some sentences that are all exactly the same in meaning:

Ik zie jou	Ik zie je
Jij ziet mij	Je ziet me
Jij ziet mij	Je ziet mij
Jij ziet mij	Jij ziet me
Zij zien jou	Ze zien je

Using the formal ij or ou form has a highlighting result. You stress explicitly the pronoun and make it more obviously present. In daily speech, you will find the colloquial form more often.

Vocabulary

Geven	To give
Het kado	The present

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Lesson 7: Prepositions and Conjunctions

Until now we’ve managed to stay away from prepositions. But now the time has come to discuss this issue, because prepositions are such a vital part of a language and it’s hard to build a sentence without them.

Prepositions

Prepositions are those little words that mark places in space or time. The prepositions are best explained when envisioning a birdcage and a bird, and the ways they relate to each other:

The bird can be in the cage. (“in” being a preposition) But it can also be on top of the cage, under the cage, it can fly through the cage. Or fly out of the cage. It can be stuck between two cages or it can take a nap in front of the cage. You see that there are a lot more possibilities! All those bold-faced words are prepositions.

Prepositions are quite abstract and therefore different languages have entirely different prepositions. There is not a simple one-to-one relation between pronouns in different languages so they will have to be discussed separately.

Possession
Let us start our discussion with possession. In English we use the pronoun “of“, in Dutch we use: “van“.

Het huis van mijn vader

The house of my father

But like in English, Dutch also has an analogous way of expressing this without a preposition:

Mijn vader’s huis

My father’s house

Origin

Ik kom uit Nederland	I come from the Netherlands
Ik krijg een kado van mijn vader	I get a present from my father

Here you already see two possible translations for the English prepositions. “uit” is used with countries/cities. But “van” is a more common translation in other situations. It’s often hard to know what preposition to use, and differences between languages are huge. Often only experience and practice can help you.

Destination

Ik ga naar school	I go to school
Ik ga naar mijn vader	I go to my father

Location
We will discuss now some simple prepositions specifying a location:

Ik ben in het huis	I am in the house
Ik sta voor het huis	I stand in front of the house
Ik sta achter het huis	I stand behind the house
Ik sta op het huis	I stand on the house
Ik sta naast het huis	I stand on the side of the house
Ik sta bij het huis	I stand near the house
Ik sta onder het huis	I stand under the house
Ik sta boven het huis	I stand above the house
Ik sta boven op het huis	I stand on top of the house
Ik sta tussen de huizen	I stand between the houses

Movement
Note that when it comes to movement, Dutch sometimes uses postpositions instead of prepositions, meaning that the word comes after the complement it applies to.

Ik ga het huis in	I go into the house
Ik ga het huis uit	I go out of the house
Ik spring over het huis	I jump over the house
Ik spring op het huis	I jump onto the house
Ik ga door het huis	I go through the house

The Dutch prepositions above are more-or-less used in the same situation as their English counterparts.

Horizontal vs. Vertical Placement

Het schilderij ligt op de tafel	The painting lies on the table
Het schilderij hangt aan de muur	The painting hangs on the wall

You see that for horizontal placement, the Dutch use “op“, while for vertical placement they use “aan“, whereas English only uses one preposition.

Company

Ik ga met jou	I go with you
Ik ga zonder jou	I go without you

Means

Ik ga met de fiets	I go by bike
Ik eet met mijn handen	I eat with my hands

Creator

Gemaakt door mij

Made by me

Being with people

Ik ben bij mijn ouders	I am with my parents
Ik ben bij mijn ouders	I am at my parents’

Time

Ik ga na jou	I go after you
Ik ga voor jou	I go before you
Ik blijf tot vanavond	I stay until tonight
Ik ben hier sinds gisteren	I am here since yesterday
Ik ben hier voor drie dagen	I am here for three days
Ik kom over drie dagen	I come in three days
Ik schrijf je binnen drie dagen	I write you within three days

When you use a personal pronoun after a preposition, you have to used the forms equal to those you use as a direct object, but in this case you have to use the long forms with ij and ou and can never shorten them to e!

Conjunctions

We have now shown you the most common prepositions. Try to practice a lot with them because that’s the best way to learn them. We will now move on to conjunctions. Conjunctions are the words that glue sentences together. The most obvious one we have already dealt with: “en” meaning “and“. But there are far more such words which can glue sentences together in a certain way. Like we did with the prepositions, we will discuss these through examples…

Ik ga en ik wil reizen	I go and I want to travel
Ik ga of ik wil reizen	I go or I want to travel
Ik ga want ik wil reizen	I go because I want to travel
Ik ga, maar ik wil reizen	I go, but I want to travel

These are the so-called coordinating conjunctions. The sentences that are glued together are of equal importance. There is also a second type of conjunction, which is more common: the subordinate conjunction. It also glues sentences together but the sentences are not of equal importance. One sentence is called the subordinate clause and is more or less integrated into the main clause using a subordinate conjunction. In the following example we demonstrate what a subordinate clause is by highlighting that part of the sentence:

I go because I see you

Ik ga omdat ik je zie

Note that the word order in the Dutch subordinate clause is different from what we are used to! This is the case in all Dutch subordinate clauses. In a normal sentence we would expect to see:

ik zie je

Which is a SUBJECT-VERB-OBJECT order which we also see in English. However, subordinate clauses in Dutch have a different word-order, namely: SUBJECT-OBJECT-VERB, as in the following example:

………ik je zie

This is obligatory and a crucial fact of many Germanic languages: subordinate clauses have different word order. Now we know about this we can start discussing the subordinate conjunctions.

Ik ga omdat ik je zie	I go because I see you
Ik ga hoewel ik je zie	I go although I see you
Ik ga tenzij ik je zie	I go unless I see you
Ik ga als ik je zie	I go if I see you
Ik ga terwijl ik je zie	I go while I see you
Ik ga wanneer ik je zie	I go when I see you
Ik ga zodat ik je zie	I go in order to (so) I see you

Relative pronouns

This now takes us to a similar issue where subordinate clauses are involved. The subordinate clause in this case is related to a part of the main clause or the main clause entirely. Take a look at the following example:

Ik weet dat ik je zie	I know [that] I see you
Ik weet wat ik zie	I know what I see
De stad waar ik ben	The city where I live
De man die je ziet	The man who sees you
De stoel die groot is	The chair which is big
Het huis dat groot is	The house which is big

Note that while “that” in English can often be omitted, it can never in Dutch.

The use of “dat” or “die” depends, just like with the demonstrative pronouns we’ve seen in part one, on the gender and number of the noun it applies to.

 

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Lesson 8: Verb Tenses

Our knowledge of Dutch is already improving gradually! It is time we now move on from present tense and discuss other verb tenses as well. We will start with the past tense:

Past tense

Dutch past tense of regular verbs comes in three groups: Strong verbs, Weak verbs with T, Weak verbs with D. The strong verbs have an irregular stem in the past tense, but are conjugated regularly, the only issue is remembering the correct stem. Weak verbs are completely regular and come in two flavors: a T-flavor and a D-flavor. The flavor it takes depends on the final consonant of the verb’s stem. If the final consonant is one appearing in the mnemonic word ‘T KOFSCHIP then it belongs to the T-group, otherwise it belongs to the D-group, provided that is isn’t a strong or irregular verb. Can you still follow it? Let’s start conjugating each of the three groups as an example:

Strong verb conjugation

LOPEN (liep)	TO WALK
Ik liep	I walked
Jij liep	You walked
Hij/zij liep	He/she walked
Wij liepen	We walked
Jullie liepen	You walked
Zij liepen	They walked

Above you see the past tense conjugation of the strong verb “lopen“. Since the verb is strong it has an irregular stem in the past tense: “liep“. You see that the rest of the conjugation is quite straightforward and there are in fact only two different forms. It is important that when you learn a strong verb, you memorize it’s stem in past tense, just like you do for English verbs like “bite – bit – bit“. Now let’s take a look at the weak verbs. The two left columns show a T-group weak verb (since it’s final consonant is one of ‘T KOFSCHIP). The two right columns show a D-group weak verb:

HOPEN	TO HOPE	DELEN	TO SHARE
Ik hoopte	I hoped	Ik deelde	I shared
Jij hoopte	You hoped	Jij deelde	You shared
Hij/zij hoopte	He/she hoped	Hij/zij deelde	He/she shared
Wij hoopten	We hoped	Wij deelden	We shared
Jullie hoopten	You hoped	Jullie deelden	You shared
Zij hoopten	They hoped	Zij deelden	They shared

You notice the similarities in conjugation between the two types of weak verbs, one uses a T, and one uses a D. That’s all there’s to it, and with ‘T KOFSCHIP you have an easy mnemonic tool for determining whether a verb uses the T or the D form, provided of course that you can rule out that it is a strong verb. There are no tricks for knowing that, so that will have to be memorized.

Now things will get even more confusing: you probably just grabbed the concept of when the double consonants and vowels and when to make them single again; it all has to do with retaining the sound of the vowel. However, when it comes to strong verbs, this principle is set aside partially. When a past verb stem contains a short vowel, then it is no problem if this short vowel gets replaced by a long one for the plural forms. Consider the following example of a strong verb:

SPREKEN (sprak)	TO SPEAK
Ik sprak	I spoke
Jij sprak	You spoke
Hij/zij sprak	He/she spoke
Wij spraken	We spoke
Jullie spraken	You spoke
Zij spraken	They spoke

Notice that because of the Dutch pronunciation rules, the A-vowel in “sprak” sounds different than the A-vowel in “spraken“. But also note that although you are used to compensating this by adding a consonant, this is not done when conjugating strong verbs in the past tense. However, the other way round still applies, if the vowel in the stem is a long one, then it has to remain long even after addition of -EN.

Below we will quickly show how to conjugate some irregular and strong verbs we have seen in past lessons. The irregular verbs are fully conjugated. For the strong verbs we only mention the stem, since you can do the rest yourself with what you have learned in this lesson.

Zijn: Ik was, jij was, hij was, wij waren, jullie waren, zij waren

Hebben: ik had, jij had, hij had, wij hadden, jullie hadden, zij hadden

Weten: wist

Zien: zag

Zeggen: Ik zei, jij zei, hij zei, wij zeiden, jullie zeiden, zij zeiden

Doen: deed

Spreken: sprak

Lopen: liep

Kijken: keek

Vliegen: vloog

Zwemmen: zwom

Komen: kwam

Geven: gaf

Perfect Tense

Like in English, this is not the only kind of past tense the Dutch language knows. There is also the perfect tense (which in turn comes in two different forms). Your head might be spinning right now, but don’t worry about it because perfect tense in Dutch is very similar to perfect tense in English. Let’s first refresh your memory by showing what perfect tense is, we will show both forms, present perfect and past perfect and illustrate this with the example verb “to speak“.

Present Perfect	Past Perfect
I have spoken	I had spoken
You have spoken	You had spoken
He/she has spoken	He/she had spoken
We have spoken	We had spoken
You have spoken	You had spoken
They have spoken	They had spoken

You see that perfect tense is composed of a form of the verb “to have” + the so-called participle of the verb in question, in this case the participle is: “spoken“, which is an irregular verb. For regular verbs, the participle looks just like the past tense, for example: “hoped“.

In Dutch the participle of strong verbs is again, irregular. Most Dutch participles start with the prefix “ge-“. Participles of weak verbs are formed like this:

For D-group verbs:: GE- + PRESENT-TENSE-STEM + D
For T-group verbs:: GE- + PRESENT-TENSE-STEM + T

So the participles of the two weak verbs we have discussed will be “gehoopt” and “gedeeld“, since the present-tense stem of “hopen” is “hoop“, and that of “delen” is “deel“. The participle of the strong verb is, as we already explained, irregular. In the case of our example it would be: “gelopen“.

The Dutch present perfect and past perfect is composed exactly the same as in English. It consist of a form of the verb “hebben“, and a participle. For our three example verbs we can construct the following scheme for the present perfect:

HOPEN	DELEN	LOPEN
Ik heb gehoopt	Ik heb gedeeld	Ik heb gelopen
Jij hebt gehoopt	Jij hebt gedeeld	Jij hebt gelopen
Hij/zij heeft gehoopt	Hij/zij heeft gedeeld	Hij/zij heeft gelopen
Wij hebben gehoopt	Wij hebben gedeeld	Wij hebben gelopen
Jullie hebben gehoopt	Jullie hebben gedeeld	Jullie hebben gelopen
Zij hebben gehoopt	Zij hebben gedeeld	Zij hebben gelopen

The past perfect tense is almost the same. The only difference is that the auxiliary verb “hebben” is conjugated in the past tense, just like in English (“have” vs “had“). Consider the following table:

HOPEN	DELEN	LOPEN
Ik had gehoopt	Ik had gedeeld	Ik had gelopen
Jij had gehoopt	Jij had gedeeld	Jij had gelopen
Hij/zij had gehoopt	Hij/zij had gedeeld	Hij/zij had gelopen
Wij hadden gehoopt	Wij hadden gedeeld	Wij hadden gelopen
Jullie hadden gehoopt	Jullie hadden gedeeld	Jullie hadden gelopen
Zij hadden gehoopt	Zij hadden gedeeld	Zij hadden gelopen

While direct object and indirect objects in English appear after the HAVE + PARTICIPLE construction, they appear between them in Dutch. The participle is often last in the sentence.

We’ve already shown you the past-tense stem for the strong verbs (which are irregular) which we’ve seen in these lessons. Now we will show you the participle of these strong verbs:

Zijn: geweest

Hebben: gehad

Weten: geweten

Zien: gezien

Zeggen: gezegd

Doen: gedaan

Spreken: gesproken

Lopen: gelopen

Kijken: gekeken

Vliegen: gevlogen

Zwemmen: gezwommen

Komen: gekomen

Geven: gegeven

Future tense

Now we’ve covered some quite difficult material it’s time for something easy, and fortunately Dutch future tense is just that. In English future tense is made by “will” plus the infinitive form of the verb in question (meaning the full unconjugated form). In Dutch it is exactly the same. Verbs are made by a form of the verb “zullen” plus the infinitive form of the verb. Strong verbs, weak verbs, D’s and T’s are all out of of the picture here. Take a look at the table below:

Ik zal zien	I will see
Jij zult/zal zien	You will see
Hij/zij zal zien	He/she will see
Wij zullen zien	We will see
Jullie zullen zien	You will see
Zij zullen zien	They will see

Note that you can say both “Jij zult zien” and Jij zal zien“. It means exactly the same.

Conditional tense

Strongly related to the future tense it the conditional tense, where instead of “will“, the past tense “would” is being used. The same applies to Dutch by using the past tense of the verb “zullen“. The following table will show this:

Ik zou zien	I would see
Jij zou zien	You would see
Hij/zij zou zien	He/she would see
Wij zouden zien	We would see
Jullie zouden zien	You would see
Zij zouden zien	They would see

Verbs with Prefixes

Before we end this lesson, we are going to have to take a closer look at the formation of participles. We learned that we can construct a participle for a weak verb by using the prefix “ge-“, the present tense verb-stem and a final D or T. This is often the case, but not always.

There are verbs which already start with a common type of prefix. If this prefix is a meaningless one, the three most common ones being: “be-” and “ver-” and “ont-“, then the prefix “ge-” is not needed anymore. For example, the participle of the verb “vertrouwen” (“to trust“) is “vertrouwd” and never “*gevertrouwd“. Another example: the participle of “bewaren” (“to save/to conserve“) is “bewaard” and never “*gebewaard“.

It is also possible that the verb start with a meaningful prefix derived from a preposition, such as the verb “uitstappen” (“to exit from something“). This verb starts with the prefix “uit” which is derived from the preposition “uit“. Such verbs are quite common in Dutch and other Germanic languages. In this case you do use the prefix “ge” to form the participle, but the prefix is inserted AFTER the already existing prefix. So in this case we will obtain the participle: “uitgestapt” instead of “*geuitstapt“

In more cases you will see that the prefix derived from a preposition can take another position not directly attached to the other part of the verb. This is already immediately obvious in the present tense conjugation of such verbs:

Ik stap uit	I exit
Jij stapt uit	You exit
Hij/zij stapt uit	He/she exists
Wij stappen uit	We exit
Jullie stappen uit	You exit
Zij stappen uit	They exit

And also in past tense, this behavior continues:

Ik stapte uit	I exited
Jij stapte uit	You exited
Hij/zij stapte uit	He/she existed
Wij stapten uit	We exited
Jullie stapten uit	You exited
Zij stapten uit	They exited

It can go even further. If the verb can take a direct object and/or and indirect object, then the prefix moves all the way over those. The following is an example with the verb “uitzoeken” (“to select“).

Ik zoek een mooi boek uit

I select a nice book

Well, that’s enough material for this lesson. We have discussed some very important aspects of Dutch grammar, not all easy or obvious.

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Lesson 9: Reflexive Verbs, Gerund, and Degrees of Comparison

In our previous lesson we have obtained a lot of information about Dutch verbs. However, we have not yet found the time to discuss reflexive verbs. That we will do now.

Reflexive Verbs

Reflexive verbs are accompanied by a so-called reflexive pronoun. The following table illustrates the reflexive verb “to wash oneself” and the Dutch equivalent “zich wassen“. Note that in these infinitive verbs forms, we can already note the reflexive pronoun “zich” (“oneself“)

Ik was me	I wash myself
Jij wast je	You wash yourself
Hij wast zich	He washes himself
Zij wast zich	She washes herself
Wij wassen ons	We wash ourselves
Jullie wassen je	You wash yourselves
Zij wassen zich	They wash themselves

Every Dutch reflexive pronoun can also be found with the suffix “-zelf” which will make them resemble the English form more.

Gerunds

In English, we are all familiar with the continuous tense, better known as the “-ing” tense. In Dutch you will find this less, but it does exist. While in English we use “to be +ing“, the Dutch use “zijn aan het +infinitive”. Consider the following example:

Ik ben aan het lopen	I am walking
Jij bent aan het lopen	You are walking
Hij/zij is aan het lopen	He/she is walking
Wij zijn aan het lopen	We are walking
Jullie zijn aan het lopen	You are walking
Zij zijn aan het lopen	They are walking

Do not forget though, that this is used far less than in English, so you shouldn’t substitute every English continuous tense with this Dutch construction. Instead, the Dutch present tense usually suffices.

Degrees of Comparison

Adjectives and adverbs can be modified according to degrees of comparison to their meaning BIGGER or BIGGEST. In English we obtain sets of three like: “late – later – latest“. In Dutch this is exactly the same: “laat – later – laatst“. There is no difference whatsoever.

And the analogy goes further. We can say “the latest” in English. In Dutch we get: “het laatst” and when we are using it adjectively we have to make it agree with the noun gender and number, so the article can change and the adjective can get an extra E as the following table illustrates:

Het laatste uur	The latest hour
De laatste minuut	The latest minute
De laatste uren	The latest hours

When used as an adverb we don’t need the extra E but we can’t omit the article as in English.

Ik kom het laatst

I come [the] latest

Now we will take a look at comparisons of inequality and later we will discuss comparisons of equality. The sentence below illustrates a comparison of inequality:

Ik ben groter dan jij	I am bigger than you
Hij is kleiner dan wij	He is smaller than we

And an example of comparisons of equality:

Ik ben even groot als jij	I am as big as you
Hij is even klein als wij	He is as small as we

An alternative way of saying this is possible too:

Ik ben net zo groot als jij	I am [just] as big as you
Hij is net zo klein als wij	He is [just] as small as we

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Lesson 10: Filling the gaps

In this lesson we will discuss some small issues we haven’t gotten around yet. You will see things you might have been wanting to know all along..

Small Nouns

In Dutch there is a suffix “-je” that will make a noun small. For example, adding “-je” to “huis” generates “huisje“, meaning “little house“. You will often see such small nouns in Dutch. Note that they all are of neuter gender and therefore use the article “het” in singular.

Counting

0  nul  1  één  2  twee  3  drie  4  vier  5  vijf  6  zes  7  zeven  8  acht  9  negen  10  tien  11  elf  12  twaalf  13  dertien  14  veertien  15  vijftien  16  zestien  17  zeventien  18  achttien  19  negentien

20  twintig  21  éénentwintig  22  tweeëntwintig  23  drieëntwintig  24  vierentwintig  30  dertig  40  veertig  50  vijftig  60  zestig  70  zeventig  80  tachtig  90  negentig  100  honderd  123  honderddrieëntwintig  200  tweehonderd  1000  duizend  10000  tienduizend  100000  honderdduizend  1000000  [één] miljoen

Days of the week

Unlike in English, the days of the week do not receive a capital first letter.

Monday	maandag
Tuesday	dinsdag
Wednesday	woensdag
Thursday	donderdag
Friday	vrijdag
Saturday	zaterdag
Sunday	zondag

The preposition used to point at day is always “op“. However, there is also an alternative construction using “‘s” and the name of the day appended by an extra S.

Ik kom op maandag	I come on Monday
Ik kom ‘s maandags	I come on Monday

The months of the year

Like the days of the week, the months of the year are never capitalized:

January	januari
February	februari
March	maart
April	april
May	mei
June	juni
July	juli
August	augustus
September	september
October	oktober
November	november
December	december

The preposition used to point at a month is “in“, just like in English.

Imperative

There is still a verb tense we have left undiscussed: the so-called imperative tense/mood. This is used to give commands and is very easy to use in Dutch because like in English, it simply consists of the present tense stem:

Kom!	Come!
Loop!	Walk!

We can also form this into a “Let’s …” expression using “Laten we” plus the infinitive verb:

Laten we lopen!	Let’s walk!
Laten we vliegen!	Let’s fly!

Correlatives

Below you will see a very extensive scheme that will show you words like “somebody“:

	Unspecific	Interrogative	Specific	All-inclusive	All-exclusive
Quality	Some/ any kind of	What kind of?	That kind of, such a	Every kind of, all kinds of	No kind of
	Een soort	Wat voor soort?	Dat soort, zo’n [soort]	Elk soort	Geen [enkel]  soort
Reason	For some  reason	Why?	Therefore, so	For every reason	For no reason
	Om één of  andere reden	Waarom?	Daarom	Om alles	Nergens om
Time	Sometime, anytime, ever	When?	Then	Always	Never
	Ooit, eens	Wanneer?	Dan	Altijd	Nooit
Location	Somewhere, anywhere	Where?	There	Everywhere	Nowhere
	Ergens	Waar?	Daar	Overal	Nergens
Direction	Somewhere, anywhere	Where to?	[to] there	[to] everywhere	[to] nowhere
	Ergens  [heen]	Waarheen?	Daarheen	Overal naartoe	Nergens naartoe
Manner	Somehow, anyhow	How?	Like that, so	In every way	In no way
	Op één of andere  manier	Hoe?	Zo	Op elke manier	Op geen enkele manier
Possession	Someone’s, anyone’s	Whose?	That one’s, his, hers, theirs	Everybody’s, everyone’s	Nobody’s
	Iemand’s	Wiens?	zijn,haar,hun	Iedereen’s	Niemand’s
Object	Something, anything	What?	That	Everything	Nothing
	Iets	Wat?	Dat	Alles	Niets, niks
Quantity	Some	How much?, How many?	That/so much, That/so  many	All [of it]	None [of it]
	Enige	Hoeveel?	Zo veel	Alles	Niets
Person	Somebody, anybody	Who?	That one, he,she,they	Everybody, everyone	Nobody
	Iemand	Wie?	Die, hij, zij, hen	Iedereen	Niemand
Adje ctive	Some, any	which?, what?	That	Every, each, all	None, no
	Enig, enige	Welke?	Die	Elke, alle	Geen enkele, none

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End Of Part Two

This is the end of the basic Dutch course. Now you’ve learned some of the basics of this fascinating language. In the future we might create a part three of this course but for now this is all. But you can learn more by visiting the UniLang Public Bookmarks or by taking a look at the Basic Wordlist Dutch.

Thanks for your interest in this course! If you discovered any mistakes or you just want to say something then please let us know . We do need feedback!

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